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Fact or Fiction?
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Nonfiction, or writing based on real events and facts, can be broken down into many categories. One category is literary nonfiction, which is still based in fact but employs some of the storytelling elements that fiction uses; for example, events are often structured around a plot, with key people being treated as characters. Literary nonfiction itself has many subgenres, including a type of autobiography called memoir. Memoir most often focuses on a certain period of the author's life or on a common theme drawn from major life events. Its writing style is often lush and captivating, but memoir is, by definition, rooted in truth. Still, people sometimes question the trustworthiness of memoirs, and they therefore question whether memoirs should be classified as non- fiction at all.
As nonfiction, memoir is intended to be factual. Is this really the case, though, considering memoir relies on human memory? Study after study has confirmed that even recent memories shift and change. Memories can be altered by slight suggestive forces, and for an author looking into past events to complete a memoir, interviewing people may be especially problematic. One classic study, led by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus, illustrates how easily an interviewer's choice of wording can influence an eyewitness's account of a traffic accident: an interviewer asked different people how fast the two cars had been moving before they "smashed into," "bumped into," or "contacted" each other. Loftus showed that the interviewer's choice of verb influenced the witnesses' reported memories of the event. In the context of memoir, an author's bias and feelings may rub off on their interviewees, resulting in a twisted account of events. It is therefore reasonable to wonder whether memoir should continue to be branded as non- fiction.
Certainly, human memory is fallible. However, a memoir author is undoubtedly writing about significant and impactful life events. Memories of such events are actually more reliable than others. Studies show that the more surprising, traumatic, exciting, or influential an event is, the more strongly and accurately people recall the details. It is common for people to vividly recall a personally meaningful moment or a significant public event, such as the moon landing. As an emotionally charged event unfolds, the brain activity changes in a way that amplifies small details, which helps us process and understand what is occuring. This activity helps build a more precise and accurate memory, known as a "flashbulb memory." A memoir often uses these flashbulb memories to structure their story.
Of course the brain is not a camera that can "save" any memory with perfect accuracy. But if memoir is under scrutiny due to the imperfections of the human mind, then critics will have to tackle nonfiction more broadly. All writers are using their memories when they create, and moreover, they are relying on the memories of others. Journalists conduct interviews to tell a news story; food writers recall the atmosphere and flavors offered at a new restaurant; history writers depend on the accuracy of accounts from long ago. Yet all of it rightfully falls under the umbrella of nonfiction. This is not because everyone's memory is entirely reliable, but because of our faith in the author's integrity to research and factcheck such that the writing is as accurate as possible.
Some people may doubt memoir not because they mistrust human memory, but because they mistrust the author's morality. Critics may suspect an author of exaggerating or even fabricating events. However, there is no reason to be suspicious of memoir authors' intentions. Entirely truthful memoirs are frequently at the top of nonfiction bestseller lists. With enough literary talent, an honest author can create an enticing, engrossing tale that will sell well. Writing a factual memoir that appeals to readers has the potential to be profitable for the author, and there is no incentive for a memoir writer to knowingly alter or embellish the truth. A well- written memoir is compelling enough as it is.
Looking beyond the author's own life events, memoir can inform readers about the world in the same way that other nonfiction can. For example, a memoir written by the head chef of a famous restaurant is likely to educate the reader about the inner workings of a professional kitchen. A memoir composed by a cello player in an esteemed orchestra will probably help the reader learn more about music. And a memoir recalling an adolescence during the 1980s may describe pop culture during that time. Memoir has a way of relaying facts about anything from an occupation to brief fashion trends, all of it meaningful to the author.
What is the author's main claim or argument?
Memory is too unreliable for memoir to be considered a type of nonfiction.
While many memoirs are fact-based, many authors are untrustworthy.
Memoir is best categorized under the umbrella of literary nonfiction.
The most profitable memoirs are those shown to be the most factual.
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