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Taking It to Extremes
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The benefits of regular exercise are undeniable and extensive, ranging from weight control to improved mood to lengthened life. Even a thirty- minute walk or quick trip to the gym releases neurochemicals that ease stress. Exercise sets up a chain reaction that is generally a positive thing for the human body, preventing and controlling one health problem after another. However, endurance sports— activities that require the sustained effort of key muscles for long periods of time— reveal a darker side of exercise. The popularity of endurance sports has been trending sharply upward in recent years, and the consequences have been unfortunate.
An example of a common endurance sport is marathon running. Running 26.2 miles is an impressive achievement, but for many, it's ultimately a harmful one. In one recent study conducted by Dr. Chirag Parikh of Yale University, about seventy- five percent of marathon runners were suffering from acute kidney injury when they finished the grueling race. The study compared the blood and urine of marathon runners before and right after they raced. The dead and damaged cells found post- marathon, along with proteins that indicate inflammation, demonstrated that physical stress on the kidneys increases to between five and ten times the normal level during a marathon. The severity of the damage was different from the results of normal everyday exercise. Rather, it resembled what is seen in patients coming out of heart surgery or the intensive care unit of a hospital. The kidneys of the test subjects showed signs of healing a day after the marathon; however, it is unclear how this type of injury, race after race, would affect endurance runners over the long term. While running is good for health in moderate amounts, marathons may turn a beneficial exercise into a chronic source of injury.
Similarly, cross- country skiing offers excellent cardiovascular benefits when performed at a leisurely pace. People who begin to cross- country ski on a regular basis show a reduced heart rate over their first several weeks, indicating a strengthened heart with a more powerful ability to pump blood. Yet there are solid indications that endurance cross- country skiing alters the structure of the heart, making it more susceptible to an arrhythmia. An arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart beats irregularly. People who suffer from arrhythmias are at a higher risk of blood clots in the heart and sudden cardiac arrest. One study from Sweden examined 52,755 participants in an annual ninety- kilometer cross- country race over a nine- year period. It found that the participants with the most races completed and the fastest finishing times— the elite endurance skiers— suffered a higher risk of arrhythmias. When it came to their hearts, greater competitive success in high- endurance cross- country skiing did not always translate into better health.
Running and cross- country skiing may pose specific dangers when pursued to excess, but the most extreme endurance races, such as Ironman triathlons, provide even more discouraging data. An Ironman triathlon consists of a 2.4- mile swim, a 112- mile bicycle ride, and a 26.2- mile run. Studies show that Ironman athletes are more likely to suffer from not only arrhythmias but other serious heart issues like thickening, scarring, and perforations in heart tissue. Other problems these athletes face include hormone fluctuations, digestion issues, trouble sleeping, sore joints, and various nagging injuries that don't heal. Whatever the kind of activity, making it an endurance sport appears to turn exercise from a source of health to a source of harm.
Endurance athletes face another serious problem beyond chronic injury: they may drink too much water while competing. The amount of water people need to drink while exercising varies due to several factors, including stature and gender. Proper hydration while working out is key to health and performance. But yet again, too much of a good thing can be dangerous. One study from Germany found that more than ten percent of the nearly 1,100 participants in the European Ironman Championships were suffering from a condition called hyponatremia by the end of the race. Hyponatremia occurs when the level of sodium in the blood becomes dangerously low, often when the sodium is too diluted with water. Hyponatremia can be life- threatening. Of the 115 cases from the German study, 17 were classified as serious, and 3 critical. Evidently, extreme endurance sports can transform the basic necessity of drinking water into a potential source of harm.
Most telling, perhaps, is a study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings that examined the mortality rates of more than 52,600 adults. It asked an all- important question: Does running more help a person live longer? The study concluded that running distances of 0.1 to 19.9 miles a week, at six to seven miles per hour, was linked to a lower risk of death from any cause. However, running distances and speeds beyond this was not tied to higher rates of survival. This finding on running and mortality demonstrates that no exercise at all is better for a person's health than the excessive exercise required in training for endurance sports.
Of course, none of this means that exercise in moderation is harmful. But it does show that the benefits of exercise level off, and even reverse, when a person exercises too much. Endurance sports may continue to be a popular pursuit for those seeking a challenge, but for those whose goal is better health, a little can go a long way.
What is the author's main claim or argument?
Endurance sports pose particular dangers for cardiovascular health.
Participation in endurance sports relieves stress and leads to a longer lifespan.
Though exercise is healthy, endurance sports can be harmful to the body.
Endurance sports can cause injury, but the benefits are worth the risks.
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